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World Did a historian from Ecuador detect the lost 'treasure' of the Incas – in a book?

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© Tamara Estupinan The Malqui-Machay archeological site in Sigchos, Ecuador. Historian Tamara Estupinan found the site in 2010 after she following clues in ancient texts.

QUITO, Ecuador — The historian carefully leafs through pages of a 400-year-old, leather-spring book until she finds the shaky signature. It's a faint scrawl that has consumed Tamara Estupinan for more than xxx years, led her to notice forgotten Inca ruins and sparked an academic firestorm.

The signature, she says, is the key to unlocking two of archæology's greatest mysteries: What happened to the body of Atahualpa, the last king of the Incas? And what became of his fabled treasure?

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Estupinan thinks she has the answer to both questions. And while she hasn't found aureate, she may have uncovered something considered fifty-fifty more precious.

The story begins in 1532 when Spanish Conqueror Francisco Pizarro captured Atahualpa — pronounced ah-ta-WAL-pah — in Peru.

Pizarro demanded a room total of gold in substitution for Atahualpa'southward release, but the impatient Spaniard garroted the ruler earlier the bribe coming from Ecuador ever arrived. Atahualpa'south body disappeared, and his faithful generals were thought to accept stashed the treasure they were hauling in clandestine caves.

For centuries, scientists, scholars and wild-eyed adventurers have been scouring Ecuador'due south misty mountains and h2o-logged jungles looking for the Incan hoard. Perhaps no treasure but El Dorado, the lost city of gold, has sparked and then much interest and intrigue in the Americas.

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But Estupinan says she knows why the loot will never exist found. What Atahualpa's followers were really hiding was no mere treasure but the hereafter of the empire itself: the king'southward corpse.

For a new Incan king to exist crowned, she explained, the ceremony had to take identify in front of the mummy of his predecessor.

"For the (Incas) the existent treasure was Atahualpa's body," she said. "Without a mummy there is no coronation. Without a trunk there is zip — it's as uncomplicated as that."

And she says the book helped her identify the site where Atahualpa'due south body was taken.

Not anybody agrees with her conclusions — especially since no remains have been discovered during initial investigations at the site she identified.

Miguel Fernando Mejia, the head of the archeology department at Ecuador'due south Establish of Patrimony, which safeguards national cultural treasures, says at that place's no dubiety that Estupinan has made a pregnant archaeological discovery. But he said the verdict is however out on whether the ruins are truly the resting place of the concluding Inca.

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"There are several archaeological sites that are fighting for that same title," he said.

But Estupinan says the evidence is clear — and it started with the book and the signature.

As a young historian in the 1980s, Estupinan became fascinated with ancient economical texts (bills of lading, warehouse reports, real estate transfers) that many researchers would observe listen-numbing. One twenty-four hour period, equally she was meticulously making her manner through a massive, 4,000-page tome, she stumbled across the concluding will and testament of Atahualpa's son, Francisco Topatauchi, written on Dec. sixteen, 1582 — 50 years subsequently his father'south death.

The document had been hiding in plain sight for centuries, equally few had learned to read the intricate Spanish writing of the time. Information technology took Estupinan almost a year to transcribe the 7-page document into intelligible text.

The discovery was significant, though at the fourth dimension information technology seemed mundane: a bones listing of the son's homes and state holdings, passed down from his father. Estupinan wrote about it in bookish journals and moved on.

But over the years, her research kept bringing her dorsum to the will. In 2003, equally she researched the life of famed Incan general Ruminahui, she discovered a curious design. The general — who has been rumored to have played a role in hiding the treasure — and other Incan officials all converged on a remote expanse of Ecuador called Sigchos, nearly 70 miles southwest of Quito.

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"Why was everybody heading toward Sigchos, a place that was actually in the heart of nowhere?" she asked. "Because that's where they were taking what was almost important to them, the body of Atahualpa."

When she went back to the son'south will, Estupinan found that Sigchos was part of Atahualpa's landholdings.

Working on a hunch, Estupinan began researching Incan death rituals and discovered that a ruler's mummy was referred to every bit a malqui. And, sure enough, at that place was an surface area called Malqui near Sigchos. A few years later, Estupinan was studying an erstwhile map when she constitute another piece of the puzzle: an area called Machay, an Incan proper name that refers to last resting places, as well near Sigchos.

Estupinan said the utilise of two such culturally charged words — mummy and concluding resting identify — in the centre of Atahualpa'due south celebrated landholdings couldn't be a coincidence.

"They weren't going to proper name an area Malqui-Machay just considering they felt like it," she explained. "There had to exist something there."

In 2010, Estupinan threw downwardly the academic gauntlet. She led an archaeologist to the region, convinced they would find the resting place of the concluding Incan male monarch.

"It was terrifying considering I was putting my academic prestige on the line," Estupinan recalls. "This was going to show that I was either a adventurer or someone doing real scientific research."

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With the assistance of some villagers, they eventually stumbled on an area where thick brush curtained previously unknown Incan-manner stonework.

"When I got to the top of the mountain, I started seeing walls and walls and walls," Estupinan said. "I got goose bumps ... and started screaming 'We've discovered Malqui-Machay, the final resting identify of the Inca!'"

The 2010 discovery made news effectually the earth and led the government of Republic of ecuador to protect the archaeological site. Merely it also ignited debate about exactly what Estupinan had discovered.

The site sits in a moisture and windswept expanse that isn't typically associated with Incan construction. Congenital around a trapezoidal plaza with a network of stone walls and h2o channels, the circuitous was likely an Incan governmental or religious site, about academics hold. But they're more wary nigh Estupinan's claim.

"Information technology was easier for me to find the site than to prove what I've discovered," Estupinan lamented.

David Brown, an archaeologist and retired professor from the Academy of Texas who has done inquiry at Malqui-Machay, calls Estupinan a "world course" researcher who has found something that'south "undeniably important."

"Information technology's an incredibly unique site and a unique expanse, and all the evidence suggests that information technology was an extremely tardily site, only begun, perhaps, every bit the Castilian were punching northward up through the valley," he explained. "It could be what she says it is, but as an archeologist, I would rather run into physical evidence."

Estupinan says Atahualpa's torso — like the fabulous treasure — might never be plant.

The Incas, Estupinan notes, didn't bury their expressionless rulers. They kept them out in the open as "living oracles."

And as the once mighty Incan empire collapsed, the body was likely lost in the chaos, she speculated.

For Estupinan, at that place's no incertitude virtually what she found. But she also knows that what she needs to fully validate her discovery won't exist in a book.

"This mystery is a puzzle, and I have 70 to 80 percent of the pieces," she said. "I'm notwithstanding missing 30 percent of the puzzle — and in that thirty percent is the body."

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